Organic conjugated polymers and their nanostructured composites: Synthesis methodologies and electrochemical applications

Abstract

Conductive polymers are favourable materials for energy storage due to their high electrical conductivity (>103 S cm−1), lightweight nature, controllable resistance, cost-effectiveness, flexibility and excellent electrochemical properties. Conjugated polymers are similar but have additional qualities, such as environmental stability and mechanical properties. However, these materials can have limitations when used alone. By mixing them with other materials, we can prepare conducting polymer composites that have even more uses in fields like electronics, optics and energy storage. This article reviews the properties of conducting polymers and their composites, including their ability to conduct electricity and their thermal, electrochemical, optical and mechanical characteristics. We also explore recent advancements in how these materials are used, such as in batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, solar cells and in sensing things like chemicals, gases and biological materials. The objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the synthesis methodologies, properties and diverse applications of conducting polymers and their nanostructured hybrids. © 2024 Elsevier B.V.