Unveiling the Integral Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Comprehensive Evaluation and Diagnosis of Spinal Dysraphism

Abstract

Spinal dysraphism, characterized by incomplete closure of neural and bone spinal structures, manifests as congenital fusion abnormalities along the dorsal midline, involving the skin, subcutaneous tissue, meninges, vertebrae, and neural tissue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the preferred imaging modality for assessing spinal dysraphism across all age groups, provides direct visualization of the spinal cord without the need for contrast or ionizing radiation while also eliminating bone artifacts and allowing multiplanar imaging. The objective of this study was to evaluate the range of spinal dysraphism lesions and assess the significance of MRI in their evaluation. Methodology Thirty patients with suspected spinal dysraphism underwent evaluation at the Medical College Hospital and Study Centre in Vijayapur, India. This cross-sectional observational study included patients diagnosed or provisionally diagnosed with spinal dysraphism based on clinical and imaging profiles. Cases were identified through preliminary findings on radiographs. Results The study encompassed individuals aged one month to 20 years, with the largest proportion of patients (36.67%) falling within the 1-5-year age group. Spina bifida was the most prevalent spinal abnormality, accounting for 70% of cases. In 12 patients (40%), the most prevalent location of involvement was the lumbosacral spine. Conclusion MRI provides excellent tissue differentiation, particularly of lipomatous tissue, with reproducible and comprehensive section planes and relative operator independence. Moreover, MRI is beneficial for children with suspected spinal dysraphism as it can be performed without ionizing radiation, biological risks, or the need for intrathecal contrast media.